![]() ![]() Connect your ideas with those of your source's.Īll information written on this page has been excerpted from the official handbook of the IUP writing center: Hacker, Diana. Or if you use them, be sure that you spend time discussing them in your own words. A signal phrase is a natural part of an APA Style narrative in-text citation as it attributes information to a particular source like this: Clements (date of publication in parentheses) explained signal phrases in a recent fabulous podcast. Similarly, try to avoid too many long quotations. Use direct quotations only when a source is particularly clear or expressive. If you include too many quotations in a research essay, readers may form the impression that you cannot think for yourself. To do this, follow up the quotation with a sentence or two of your own that reinforces or expands upon it. When you use a quotation, help the reader make a smooth transition back into your own words. Signal phrases provide clear signals to prepare the readers for the quotation.Ĭhoose a verb that is appropriate in the context. Readers should be able to move from your own words to the words you quote without feeling an abrupt shift. Once again, the use of an explanatory parenthetical with either " Cf." or " Compare" is strongly encouraged.When you choose to use quotations, make sure that they are integrated smoothly into the text of your paper. When using "Compare" as a signal, " Compare," " with," and the conjunction " and" should all be italicised and both " with" and " and" should be preceded by a comma: Stated another way, "Cf." is used when a comparison between the textual assertion and the cited source would support the proposition by analogy, while "Compare" is used when the comparison between two or more sources will tend to support or illustrate the proposition. Second, "Compare" "must be used in conjunction with ' with'" and used to offer a comparison between two or more cited authorities while "Cf." may be used to compare a single authority with the textual proposition. This distinction is important when determining the order of signals and authorities, explained below. ![]() " Cf." is the abbreviation of the Latin word "confer," literally meaning "compare," but proper use of the two signals does vary in several key ways.įirst, " Cf." is classified as as signal indicating support (in rule 1.2(a)) rather than one of comparison. ![]() Often the signal phrase will name the author. Two introductory signals may be used to suggest a useful comparison: " Cf. A signal phrase incorporates the quotation smoothly into your writing and provides context for the material. Law Review Typeface For Comparison Signals: Italics Again, an explanatory parenthetical explaining the relevance of the material is strongly encouraged. NOTE: It is not appropriate to use See also for general background-reading materials in that case, the signal " See generally" should be used (rule 1.2(d)). An explanatory parenthetical stating the relevance of the additional material is strongly encouraged. "See also" is used to cite to additional materials and authority that supports a proposition but when other authority has already been cited to using either See or. Although not a catch-all signal, it is often inappropriately used as such. It is used when the cited authority clearly supports a proposition but there is an inferential step between the proposition as stated and the cited authority. A basic signal phrase consists of an authors name and an active verb indicating how the author is presenting the material. See is probably the most frequently used (and abused) introductory signal. NOTE: " E.g." can be combined with other signals, such as " See." When communed with another signal, the other signal should be given first, separated by an italicized comma but ending with a non-italicized comma: " E.g.," is the abbreviation for the Latin phrase "exempli gratia," and can loosely be translated to mean "good example." " E.g." is used when the cited authority states the proposition and when citation to other authorities also stating the proposition would be unhelpful or unnecessary. identifies the source referred to in the text.identifies the source of a direct quotation or.No signal is necessary if a cited authority: The most frequently used are probably, E.g., See, and See Also. Signals indicating that the cited work is supportive of the author's text are the most commonly used type of signal. Law Review Typeface For Introductory Signals: Italics ![]()
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